What does Virchow's triad consist of?

Virchow's triad is a fundamental concept in understanding the pathogenesis of venous thrombosis. It consists of three key factors: vessel injury, stasis of blood flow, and a hyper-coagulable state.

The presence of vessel injury refers to damage to the endothelial lining of blood vessels, which can prompt the activation of the coagulation cascade and lead to clot formation. Stasis of flow describes situations where blood does not circulate freely, often occurring in conditions such as prolonged immobility, which can increase the likelihood of clot formation due to slower blood flow. Finally, a hyper-coagulable state indicates an increased tendency for blood to clot, which may arise from genetic factors, certain medical conditions, or external influences such as hormone therapy.

In the context of options provided, this configuration aligns perfectly with option C, encompassing the critical components that contribute to venous thrombosis in clinical practice. The inclusion of stasis of flow and hyper-coagulable states alongside vessel injury is essential for accurately diagnosing and managing venous thromboembolism.