Which of the following falls under moderate risk factors for VTE?

Moderate risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) include conditions or factors that may increase the likelihood of developing blood clots, but do not carry as significant a risk as high-risk factors. Chemotherapy is categorized as a moderate risk factor because cancer treatments can lead to multiple physiological changes that increase coagulation and reduce blood flow, contributing to an elevated risk of VTE.

Patients undergoing chemotherapy often experience changes such as damage to blood vessel integrity, an increase in pro-coagulant factors, and decreased venous return due to immobility or other comorbid conditions. These effects make it essential to monitor and possibly implement preventive measures in these patients to reduce the risk of thrombotic events.

Compared to other options, while conditions like obesity may potentially elevate risk, they are generally viewed as a lower risk compared to the active pathophysiological processes involved with chemotherapy. Additionally, hip or leg fractures and spinal cord injuries tend to be classified as high-risk factors because they entail immobilization and physical trauma, which significantly increases VTE risk.